Switchable and conspicuous retroreflective sensors inspired by the wing scale of an emerald swallowtail

Abstract

Butterfly wings possess distinct micro/nanostructures that contribute to their vibrant coloration, light-trapping capabilities, and sensitivity to various stimuli. These complex features have inspired the creation of diverse devices and systems, such as sensors, photovoltaics, photocatalysis, and robotics. Specifically, the wing scales of the Emerald Swallowtail (Papilio palinurus) display iridescent, polarization-sensitive, and retroreflective colors due to their hierarchical structures. However, current technologies fail to mimic these natural designs fully, limiting their practical application in everyday life. In this study, we introduce a groundbreaking method for fabricating artificial wing scales that emulate the biological structure's functionality with a much simpler geometry. By integrating self-graded lossy media into metallic micro-concavity arrays, we achieve pronounced iridescent effects in both coaxial and non-coaxial arrangements, while preserving retroreflective properties. In particular, the simplified design allows for switchable color patterns based on the viewing angle. Demonstrating the concept, we successfully employ these conspicuous retroreflectors in hydrogen gas detection and the bi-directional/switchable recognition of patterned signals. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.