Sub-1-volt, reconfigurable Gires-Tournois resonators for full-coloured monopixel array

Abstract

Achieving vibrant, energy-efficient colour modulation across micrometre-scale pixels is a critical challenge in modern display technology. Conventional approaches face limitations in scalability, high operating voltages, and light loss. Emerging monopixel designs with active materials promise a path to dynamic colour modulation without these drawbacks. However, achieving uniform, energy-efficient colour modulation across the full visible spectrum has remained difficult. Here, we introduce a full-colour, electrically reconfigurable Gires-Tournois (r-GT) resonator integrated with the conductive polymer (polyaniline, PANI), representing a significant advance in monopixel display technology. This system enables modulation of complex refractive indices within a sub-1-volt range, producing vibrant colour shifts that exceed complementary hue ranges. The r-GT resonator operates at CMOS-compatible voltages with ultralow-power consumption (90 μW cm−2), offering scalability from ultrahigh pixel densities (~16,900 PPI) to wafer-scale fabrication. Furthermore, PANI’s metastable states enable memory-in-pixel operation, significantly reducing energy consumption compared to emissive displays. The successful demonstration of a 5 × 5 monopixel array system validates its potential for scalable, energy-efficient, and high-performance photonic applications. (Figure presented.) © The Author(s) 2026.