Polymorphing Hydrogels through the Collaboration of Light and Photo-reactive DNA Cross-links

Abstract

Polymorphing hydrogels enable reprogrammable shape transformations, surpassing conventional hydrogels whose morphability is predetermined during fabrication. This adaptability originates from hydrogel swelling, photo-reactive DNA cross-links, and dynamically patterned light. The DNA cross-links undergo wavelength-dependent changes, allowing precise and reversible modulation of geometry. By tuning irradiation parameters, hydrogels morph from simple lines to complex patterns and extend from 2D into 3D architectures with programmable actuation. The combined features of reprogrammability, spatiotemporal controllability, and structural versatility highlight their potential in soft robotics and 4D printing. Beyond these applications, such hydrogels may advance bio-inspired actuators, adaptive tissue models, and multifunctional soft machines capable of operating in complex environments.​