Light-Driven Reconfigurable Logic in a Monolithic Perovskite Device via Nonlinear Photoresponse Switching

Abstract

Modulating nonlinear carrier dynamics in a single-layer device is essential for achieving complex logic operations with minimal power consumption; however, it remains challenging due to inherently linear charge transport and unipolar photoresponses. Here, a multifunctional optoelectronic logic gate (OELG) based on a bias-free, single-layer perovskite device is reported that exhibits light intensity-dependent polarity switching. Incorporation of poly-L-lysine into MAPbI<inf>3</inf> enables trap-state engineering for nonlinear response modulation. An asymmetric dual-photogate architecture allows spatially controlled charge transport by tuning the position of incident light. This configuration enables the realization of all eight fundamental logic gate functions, including XOR and XNOR, in a single material and device. Additionally, the device independently handles two channels, amplitude inputs, and temporal modulation inputs. It performs logic operations not by pixel-level imaging, but by applying a scenario-based conceptual modulation map to the device, with the outputs derived from experimentally recorded photovoltage responses. These findings establish a promising platform for compact, energy-efficient, light-driven logic systems with potential applications in light fidelity (Li-Fi)communication and on-device artificial intelligence. © 2025 The Author(s). Advanced Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.