A semi-continuous measurement of gaseous ammonia and particulate ammonium concentrations in PM2.5 in the ambient atmosphere

Abstract

Ammonia has a short residence time in the atmosphere and rapidly neutralizes acid gases that occur near its source, requiring a rapid measurement system for ammonia and particulate ammonium concentrations to better understand their sources, temporal variation of ammonia emissions, and the formation of secondary ammonium aerosols. A semi-continuous measurement system, consisting of a diffusion scrubber, a particle growth chamber, an air-liquid separator, and a fluorescent detector, was developed to determine both gaseous ammonia (NH3) and particulate ammonium (NH (4) (+) ) in PM2.5 in the ambient atmosphere of Gwangju, South Korea, during the months of March, April, July, and September of 2007. During the sampling periods, the average concentrations of ammonia and ammonium were found to be 2.33 +/- 1.29 mu g/m(3) and 1.89 +/- 0.99 mu g/m(3), respectively. Although the average gaseous ammonia concentration was highest in March, the particulate ammonium concentration was higher during the warmer season, reaching 2.08 +/- 1.07 mu g/m(3) and 2.32 +/- 0.94 mu g/m(3) in April and July, respectively, while only 1.68 +/- 0.61 mu g/m(3) in March and 1.24 +/- 0.99 mu g/m(3) in September. It is proposed that the higher availability of acid species during the warmer months produced a significant amount of particulate ammonium sulfate. Diurnal fluctuation of ammonia and ammonium during the warmer months showed that their peak time occurred at approximately 10:00 am. Both ammonia and ammonium concentrations were better correlated during the warmer months than during the cooler months. Further, the data suggest that the ammonia and ammonium were measured under well dispersed conditions, and multiple sources contributed to the ammonia at the sampling site.