Detection of Nutrient Elements and Contamination by Pesticides in Spinach and Rice Samples Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

Abstract

The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique was applied to quantify nutrients (Mg, Ca, Na, and K) in spinach rtr.d rice and to discriminate pesticide-contaminated products in a rapid manner. Standard reference materials (spinachlmves and unpolished rice flour) were used to establish a relationship between LIBS intensity and the concentration of each environment (Mg, Ca, Na, and K) (i.e., calibration line). The limits of detection (LODs) for Mg, Ca, Na, and K were found to be 29.63, 102 65,- 36.36, and 44.46 mg/kg in spinach and 7.54, 1.76, 4.19, and 6.70 mg/kg in unpolished rice, respectively. Concentraions of those nutrient elements present in spinach and unpolished rice from a local market were determined by using the LIBS TECHNIQUEand compared with those measured with ICP-OES, showing good agreement The data also suggested that with the chemometric method (PLS-DA) could be a great tool to distinguish pesticide contaminated samples from pesticide free samples in a rapid manner even though they have similar elemental compositions. Misclassification rates were found to be 0 and 2% for clean spinach and pesticide-contaminated spinach, respectively, by applying the PLS-DA model established from the training set of data to predict the classes of test samples.