Field evaluation of portable soil water content sensors in a sandy loam

Abstract

Ground observations are critical in the validation of soil water content (SWC) estimates from both satellites and land surface models. Portable SWC sensors provide useful information to determine the amount of SWC in the topsoil layer for various applications; however, these probes are not accurate without site-specific correction. In the present study, we examined and compared six different types of portable electromagnetic (EM) SWC sensors, including multiple sensors made by the same manufacturers, for a total of 16 EM-based SWC probes equipped with portable data loggers. All SWC probes met the target accuracy after onsite correction-the RMSD was <0.025 m(3) m(-3). Using the two-sample t tests, we observed that SWC data obtained from similar electrode lengths and from different manufacturers showed similar distributions over time with the same mean. Furthermore, using the maximize R method to combine SWC data from two different types of sensors increased the accuracy of the results. When datasets from two different types of sensors were combined, the Pearson's correlation coefficient (R value) and RMSD values were improved. The average R value improved from.930 to.945, and the RMSD decreased from 0.036 to 0.018 m(3) m(-3). These results indicate that, along with site-specific correction, synergetic use of multiple manufacturers' EM-based SWC probes can improve the R value and reduce systematic bias.